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Eon geologic time scale - 8.3 Hadean Eon Geologic Time Scale with ages shown. Geoscientists use the geological time sca

The geologic time scale is a standard timeline used to describ

Thousands and millions of years are used on a geological time scale. Geologic time is the chronology of the Earth™s formation, changes, development, and existence. Grand Canyon began forming 5 million years ago. The Chinle Formation in the Painted Desert began forming over 200 million years ago. The Earth is 4.6 billion years old. These ...Try Magic Notes and save time Crush your year with the magic of personalized studying. Try it free. hello quizlet. Home. ... What is the category name for the largest division of time used on the geologic time scale? Eon. See an expert-written answer! We have an expert-written solution to this problem! About us.A chronostratigraphic scale that is integrated with absolute ages (geochronology) is called a geologic time scale. Nearly two dozen time scales have been proposed since Arthur Holmes published his first one in 1913. Each scale incorporated the latest developments in standard stratigraphic sections, biostratigraphy, and age-dating.The phanerozoic eon is the present geological eon in the geological time scale and the era during which abundant plant and animal life have existed. The phanerozoic period covered 541 million years to the present. The phanerozoic era begins with the Cambrian period when animals initially developed hard shells preserved in the fossil record.The Quaternary ( / kwəˈtɜːrnəri, ˈkwɒtərnɛri / kwə-TUR-nə-ree, KWOT-ər-nerr-ee) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). [4] It follows the Neogene Period and spans from 2.58 million years ago to the present. [5]An eon is an immeasurable unit of time. One can say “an eon” or use any other word that would quantify an infinite, indeterminable period. An eon is any indefinite, very long period. In the ancient scriptures, eon is also said to be an archaic name for omnipotent beings like Gods. Eons are the largest time scale in the geologic timescale.Organization. In the geologic time scale, the youngest ages are on the top and the oldest on the bottom. The time scale is based upon relative times, therefore there aren't any specific times listed with each era. The timescale is divided into eons, each eon into eras, each era into periods, and each period into epochs.Right around noon, the atmosphere becomes oxygen rich. By 1:00 pm (13:00 h) the single-celled eukaryotes have arrived. By 5:00 pm (17:00 h) the first multicellular forms appear. The first aquatic animals don't arrive until after 8:00 pm. Plants colonize land at 9:30 pm and land animals follow at 10:00 pm. The dinosaurs are the life of the party ...1:15. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which represents the correct sequence from oldest to most recent or current eras on the Geologic Time Scale?, Which eon translates to "visible life" from the Greek?, Which means shortest time? and more.Using the lengths on your geologic time scale, calculate the percent of the time scale during which Homo sapiens have been on the Earth. Show your calculations. Note: If you cannot use the lengths on your time scale, use the conversion: 1 mm = 2 million years. 200,000/4,600,000,000 = 0.00004348 = 0.004348%Geologic Time and the Solar System ...Geologic history is broken into time spans with varying durations, from longest to shortest: eons, eras, periods, and epochs. The Phanerozoic eon represents the ...Likewise, geologists created the geologic time scale to organize Earth's history into eons, eras, periods, and epochs. While a human life spans decades, geologic time spans all of Earth's history—4,600 million years! Geologists used fundamental concepts to understand the chronological order of rocks around the world.Home Geologic time scale. Paleozoic Era. Geologic time scale; Paleozoic Era. October 30, 2013. Share on ... (or Palaeozoic) Era is the earliest of three geologic eras of the Phanerozoic Eon, spanning from roughly 541 to 252.2 million years ago (ICS, 2004). It is the longest of the Phanerozoic eras, and is subdivided into six …A division of the Geologic Time Scale from 252 to 201 million years ago; first period in of the Mesozoic Era; the start and end are marked by mass extinctions. Dinosaurs (e.g. Coelophysis and Herrerasaurus) and mammals first appeared in this division. Phanerozoic Eon. Division of the Geologic Timescale from 542 million years ago to the present.And the system we use to bind all these chapters together is the Geologic Time Scale. First, let’s talk about the history of geologic time itself. ... And the earliest Eon is known as the Hadean.View this answer. An eon, which is the longest unit of geologic time, is roughly one billion years long. The geologic time scale currently has four named eons: ... See full answer below.Phanerozoic Eon (543 mya to present) Cenozoic Era (65 mya to today) Quaternary (1.8 mya to today) Holocene (10,000 years to today) Pleistocene Tertiary (65 to 1.8 mya) ... Precambrian Time (4,500 to 543 mya) Proterozoic Era (2500 to 543 mya) Neoproterozoic (900 to 543 mya) Vendian (650 to 543 mya)Oct 19, 2023 · The phanerozoic eon is the present geological eon in the geological time scale and the era during which abundant plant and animal life have existed. The phanerozoic period covered 541 million years to the present. The phanerozoic era begins with the Cambrian period when animals initially developed hard shells preserved in the fossil record. That makes it difficult to appreciate the extent of geological time. Figure 1.9 The geological time scale [SE] To create some context, the Phanerozoic Eon (the last 542 million years) is named for the time during which visible (phaneros) life (zoi) is present in the geological record. In fact, large organisms — those that leave fossils ...Unit #3 Geologic Time Scale. Term. 1 / 12. Geologic Time Scale. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 12. A classification system that places chronological order of geological strata and life forms to time. It is uses by geologists, paleontologists and other scientist to help explain Earth's prehistory.The Proterozoic Eon is the most recent division of the Precambrian. It is also the longest geologic eon, beginning 2.5 billion years ago and ending 541 million years ago. It accounts for a little less than 4/9ths of geologic time. During the Proterozoic Eon, modern plate tectonics became active, and the ancient cores of the continents moved ...The Phanerozoic Eon is the current eon in the geologic time scale. It began around 541 million years ago (mya), and encompasses Earth's history from then to the present day. It represents around 12% of Earth's total history. Preceding the Phanerozoic Eon was the Proterozoic Eon. The Phanerozoic Eon began with an event known as the Cambrian ...epoch, unit of geological time during which a rock series is deposited.It is a subdivision of a geological period, and the word is capitalized when employed in a formal sense (e.g., Pleistocene Epoch). Additional distinctions can be made by appending relative time terms, such as early, middle, and late.The use of epoch is usually restricted to divisions of the Paleogene, Neogene, and ...Geologic Time Scale "The history of the Earth is broken up into a hierarchical set of divisions for describing geologic time. As increasingly smaller units of time, the generally accepted divisions are Eon, Era, Period, Epoch, and Age. In the time scale shown below, two levels of this hierarchy are represented." Earth’s history is divided into a hierarchical series of smaller chunks of time, referred to as the geologic time scale. These divisions, in descending length of time, are called eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages. These units are classified based on Earth’s rock layers, or strata, and the fossils found within them. From examining these ...Geological Time. The time line that describes the history of the earth has been divided into large blocks of time, but each large block is normally subdivided, and subdivided again, for convenience (Fig. 16 ). The generally accepted divisions are eon, era, period, epoch, and age. The names given the block of time often have historical ...Verified questions. engineering. Consider a 8-m-long, 8-m-wide, and 2-m-high aboveground swimming pool that is filled with water to the rim. (a) Determine the hydrostatic force on each wall and the distance of the line of action of this force from the ground. (b) If the height of the walls of the pool is doubled and the pool is filled, will the ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like This eon means "Visible Life". Consists of organisms with hard shells or skeletons. Consists of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras., The name of the era we currently live in. It's known as the "Age of the Mammals." Consists of the Quaternary, Neogene, and Paleogene periods., The name of the epoch we live in. Time since ...The geological clock: a projection of Earth's 4,5 Ga history on a clock ("MA" = a million years (Megayear) ago; "GA" = a billion years (Gigayear) ago) Author: Woudloper Derivative work: Hardwigg Wikipedia. The Archean is a geologic eon before the Proterozoic Eon, before 2.5 Ga (billion years), or 2,500 million years ago.Simplified Geologic Time Scale. Era. Period or System. Epoch or Series. Cenozoic. (66 million years ago - Present) characterized by the emergence of the Himalayas (cooling, reduced CO 2 ) also, delineated by the K-T boundary. The Cascade Range began approximately 36 million years ago, with the major peaks appearing early to middle Pleistocene.Homo sapiens evolve. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like List the following units of geologic time in order from shortest to longest: eon, epoch, era, period, What are the 2 eons on the geologic time scale? Circle which one is longest., How old is the Earth? and more.Geologic time has been subdivided into a series of divisions by geologists. Eon is the largest division of time, followed by era, period, epoch, and age. The partitions of the geologic time scale is the same everywhere on Earth; however, rocks may or may not be present at a given location depending on the geologic activity going on during a ... See full list on thoughtco.com Geological time scale. The vast expanse of geological time has been separated into eras, periods, and epochs. The numbers included below refer to the beginnings of the division in which the title appears. ... The entire interval of the existence of visible life is called the Phanerozoic eon. The great Precambrian expanse of time is divided into ...Geologic Time Scale. Geological time refers to the time of the physical formation and development of the Earth (especially prior to human history). Geologic time also applies to the age and history of the Universe. Geologists have subdivided periods in Earth's history is measured periods spanning millions or billions of years.The Geologic Time Scale has …Each era of the standard geologic time scale is subdivided into periods (e.g., the Cretaceous Period). ... Eon of geologic time. Includes all time following the Precambrian. physical continuity. Being able to physically follow a rock unit between two places. Pleistocene Epoch. An epoch of the Quaternary Period characterized by several glacial ...Geologic Time Scale divisions mark major events which highlight changes in climate, geography, atmosphere, and life. The largest units of time are eons; the 4.6 billion years of earth’s history are divided into four eons. The Phanerozoic Eon includes the most recent 545 million years and the most detailed fossil record. ReviewGeological time begins with Precambrian Time. PRE-CAMBRIAN – 88% of earth’s history. Paleozoic (ancient life) – 544 million years ago, lasted 300 million yrs. Mesozoic (middle life) – 245 million years ago, lasted 180 million yrs. Cenozoic (recent life) – 65 million years ago, continues through present day. Today we are in the ...Geologic Time Scale. 4 .6 Ga to 542 Ma. Organisms with hard parts. 4 billion years prior to the Cambrian period. Divided in to two eons; Archaean and Proterozoic. Represents 88 percent of the Earth's history. The informal name for the eons that came before the Phanerozoic eon.Geologic time scale. Diagram of geological time scale as a spiral. Geologic time scale uses the principles and techniques of geology to work out the geological history of the Earth. [1] It looks at the processes which change the Earth's surface and rocks under the surface. Geologists use stratigraphy and paleontology to find out the sequence of ...Without the geologic time scale it would be impossible to compare rocks made at the same time in Wales and the Czech Republic or North America to Russia. That earth scientists have achieved this ...The Geologic Time Scale is a system used by scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events in Earth's history. It covers a vast expanse of time, from the formation of the planet nearly 4.6 billion years ago to the present day.Terms in this set (20) Geological Time Scale (GTS) Calendar of Earth's long history. eon, era, period, epoch, age. List the following units of geologic time in order of relative length, from longest to shortest: age, eon, period, era, epoch. Precambrian Supereon. the unit of geological time that includes the Hadean, Archaen, and Protorozoic Eons.See Preview. Multiple Choice. 20 seconds. 1 pt. The Geologic Time Scale is a record of what? old geologists. sweet geology music. the known history of rocks and fossils. a list of every living thing ever.Formal geologic time begins with the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) and continues to the present day. Modern geologic time scales also include the Hadean Eon (4.6 billion to 4.0 billion years ago).Geologists generally agree that there are two major eons: the Precambrian eon and the Phanerozoic eon.The Precambrian goes from the formation of the earth to the time when multicellular organisms first appeared – that’s a really long time – from 4,500 million years ago to just about 543 million years ago.The Phanerozoic [4] is the current and the latest of the four geologic eons in the Earth 's geologic time scale, covering the time period from 538.8 million years ago to the present. [5] Simplified Geologic Time Scale. Era. Period or System. Epoch or Series. Cenozoic. (66 million years ago - Present) characterized by the emergence of the Himalayas (cooling, reduced CO 2 ) also, delineated by the K-T boundary. The Cascade Range began approximately 36 million years ago, with the major peaks appearing early to middle …Key Points. The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that classifies geological strata in time. It is used by geologists, paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The geologic time scale is the “calendar” for events in Earth history. The Archean Eon, stretching from about 4.0 to 2.5 billion years ago, encapsulates an intriguing period in Earth's geological timeline. As we dig deep into the history of our planet, the Archean era comes alive with important milestones and developments that shaped our world.The Precambrian is an informal unit of geologic time, subdivided into three eons (Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic) of the geologic time scale. The Phanerozoic Eon is the most recent eon and began more than 500 million years ago. Phanerozoic- 538.8 to 0 million years ago. Proterozoic- 2,500 to 538.8 million years ago.Organization. In the geologic time scale, the youngest ages are on the top and the oldest on the bottom. The time scale is based upon relative times, therefore there aren’t any specific times listed with each era. The timescale is divided into eons, each eon into eras, each era into periods, and each period into epochs.geologic time scale v. 6.0 cenozoic mesozoic paleozoic precambrian age epoch age picks magnetic period hist. chro n. polarity quater-nary pleistocene* holocene* calabrian gelasian c1 c2 c2a c3 c3a c4 c4a c5 c5a c6 c6a c6b c6c c7 c5b c5c c5d c5e c8 c9 c10 c7a c11 c12 c13 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 c27 c28 c29 c30 0.012 1.8 3 ...geologic time scale. A record of the geologic events and life forms in Earth's history. eon. the longest division of geological time. Precambrian. 4 billion year interval with very few fossils; contains the first 3 eons: Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic. era. second longest division of geologic time. period.The Phanerozoic Eon is a period of geological history that spans 542 million years and is typically subdivided into three eras. These eras are: Paleozoic Era: 542 to 251 million years ago. Mesozoic Era: 251 to 65 million years ago. Cenozoic Era: 65 million years ago to present. Mesozoic. The dinosaurs and the mammals appeared during the ...The Proterozoic Eon saw the evolution of Earth's atmosphere, oceans, continents, and life forms from simple to complex multicellular organisms. Proterozoic Eon: A Timeline. The Proterozoic Eon is divided into three geologic time periods: Paleoproterozoic Era (2.5 to 1.6 billion years ago) Mesoproterozoic Era (1.6 to 1.0 billion years ago)Key Points. The geologic time scale (GTS) is a system of chronological dating that classifies geological strata in time. It is used by geologists, paleontologists, and other Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history. The geologic time scale is the “calendar” for events in Earth history. Answer and Explanation: 1. Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Create your account. The geologic time scale includes eons, eras, periods and epochs, with epochs being the smallest division of geologic time. 'Small' is a …(540 million years ago- present). The rock and fossil record mainly represents the. Phanerozoic eon, which is the eon in which we live. Proterozoic eon. (2.5 ...The latest time scale, edited in 2004 by Felix Gradstein and colleagues, incorporated high-resolution radiometric and astronomical age-dating into a comprehensive time scale for the last 3.850 billion years (the age of the earth being 4.54 billion years). No doubt the 2004 time scale will ultimately be replaced, but until then, it will serve as ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like James HUtton "father of geology" put forth principle of, Period names on the geologic time scale, such as Devonian and Permian, provide examples of, In an undisturbed swquence of sed. rocks younger layers overlay older according to princeiple of and more.The following five timelines show the geologic time scale to scale. The first shows the entire time from the formation of the Earth to the present, but this gives little space for the most recent eon. The second timeline shows an …Epoch Eon Era Period and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of these numbers is closest to the age of the earth?, What is the main purpose of the geologic time scale?, Place the following units in order, from smallest to largest. Epoch Eon Era Period and more.Phanerozoic Eon, the span of geologic time extending about 541 million years from the end of the Proterozoic Eon (which began about 2.5 billion years ago) to the present. The Phanerozoic, the eon of visible life, is divided into three major spans of time largely on the basis of characteristic.The Proterozoic Eon is the most recent division of the Precambrian. It is also the longest geologic eon, beginning 2.5 billion years ago and ending 541 million years ago. It accounts for a little less than 4/9ths of geologic time.1.6 Geological Time In 1788, after many years of geological study, James Hutton, one of the great pioneers of geology, wrote the following about the age of Earth: The result, therefore, of our present enquiry is, that we find no vestige of a beginning — no prospect of an end. [1] Of course he wasn’t exactly correct, there was a beginning and there will be …30 seconds. 1 pt. What is the definition of Geologic Time Scale ? A record of the geologic events and life forms in Earth's history. Fossils of widely distributed organisms that lived during only one short period. A fossil that is a copy of an organism's shape, formed when minerals seep into a mold.Aug 29, 2019 · The final time period on the Geologic Time Scale is the Cenozoic Period. With large dinosaurs now extinct, smaller mammals that had survived were able to grow and become dominant. The climate changed drastically over a relatively short period of time, becoming much cooler and drier than during the Mesozoic Era. Geologic Time Scale Activity Reflection Questions Do not answer until you have completed the time scale located on the page following Table 1. 1. ... only do total time not all Time Span Scale Total Time Hadean Eon (Precambrian Time) 4.6 bya - 3.8 bya 460 cm - 380 cm . 8 billion years. Q&A. 1. What are the necessary criteria for proper ...Formal geologic time begins with the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) and continues to the present day. Modern geologic time scales also include the Hadean Eon (4.6 billion to 4.0 billion years ago).Geologic time, the extensive interval of time occupied by the geologic history of Earth. Formal geologic time begins with the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) and continues to the present day. Modern geologic time scales also include the Hadean Eon (4.6 billion to 4.0 billion years ago).According to the geological time scale the time periods since the origin of Earth can be divided into four major subdivisions or Eon. These are Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. The first three Eons are collectively known as Precambrian Eon (Figure 1). 2. Precambrian Earth and Life The earliest episode of geologic time in earth’s ...During the Precambrian Eon all of the events happened except. Fish began to evolve. Single cell organism like bacteria developed. ... What two methods are used to divide and classify the geological time scale? Living organisms. rock strata or layers. DNA. fossils. 10. Multiple-choice. 30 seconds.geologic time scale v. 6.0 cenozoic mesozoic paleozoic precambrian age epoch age picks magnetic period hist. chro n. polarity quater-nary pleistocene* holocene* calabrian gelasian c1 c2 c2a c3 c3a c4 c4a c5 c5a c6 c6a c6b c6c c7 c5b c5c c5d c5e c8 c9 c10 c7a c11 c12 c13 c15 c16 c17 c18 c19 c20 c21 c22 c23 c24 c25 c26 c27 c28 c29 c30 0.012 1.8 3 ...The Proterozoic Eon is the most recent division of the Precambrian. It is also the longest geologic eon, beginning 2.5 billion years ago and ending 541 million years ago. It accounts for a little less than 4/9ths of geologic time. During the Proterozoic Eon, modern plate tectonics became active, and the ancient cores of the continents moved ...Geologic Time Scale "The history of the Earth is broken up into a hierarchical set of divisions for describing geologic time. As increasingly smaller units of time, the generally accepted divisions are Eon, Era, Period, Epoch, and Age. In the time scale shown below, two levels of this hierarchy are represented."The period is the basic unit of geological time in which a single type of rock system is formed. Two or more periods comprise a geological Era. Two or more Eras form an Eon, the largest division of geologic time. Some periods are divided into epochs. The major periods in the geologic history of the Earth are (mya=million years ago): EON.The two eons in the Geologic Time Scale are the Precambrian eon and the Phanerozoic eon. The Precambrian eon covers the first four billion years of Earth’s history and is divided into three eras: …Geologic time, the extensive interval of time occupied by the geologic history of Earth. Formal geologic time begins with the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) and continues to the present day. Modern geologic time scales also include the Hadean Eon (4.6 billion to 4.0 billion years ago).Expert Answer. Using the Geologic Time Scale provided, give the geologic time unit for each event. Be as specific as possible! Give the Era, Period, and Epoch when available. Note: the time scale is available in the lab 1 folder under content. I suggest opening the time scale in an other window while you work on this lab Time scale: use to ...The Geologic Time Scale is a tool for understanding how the Earth formed and came to be the way it is today. This is a simplified answer leaving much to be explained. Geologic time takes in all that has happened on earth since the Archaen Eon about 4 billion years ago. Informally it goes back to the Hadean 4.6 billion years ago.This 2012 geologic time scale is an enhanced, improved and expanded version of the GTS2004, including chapters on planetary scales, the Cryogenian-Ediacaran periods/systems, a prehistory scale of human development, a survey of sequence stratigraphy, and an extensive compilation of stable-isotope chemostratigraphy.The Geologic Time Scale is divided into four classes of measured time. List in order from largest to smallest. Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like List all Eons in order. (Oldest to Youngest), List all Eras in order (Oldest to Youngest), List all Eras in Archean Eon (Oldest to Youngest ...Geologic Time Scale Activity Reflection Questions Do not answer until you have completed the time scale located on the page following Table 1. 1. ... only do total time not all Time Span Scale Total Time Hadean Eon (Precambrian Time) 4.6 bya - 3.8 bya 460 cm - 380 cm . 8 billion years. Q&A. 1. What are the necessary criteria for proper ...Geologic Time Scale. Today, the geologic time scale is divided into major chunks of time called eons. Eons may be further divided into smaller chunks called eras, and each era is divided into periods. Figure 12.1 shows you what the geologic time scale looks like. We now live in the Phanerozoic eon, the Cenozoic era, and the Quarternary period.* Not recognized by ICS. The above timescale is a work in progress and will doubtless be modified with future discoveries and suggestions. For example John Laurie, Daniel Mantle and Robert S Nicoll, Customising the geological timescale note that the 2004 version of the Geological Time Scale is mainly built around northern hemisphere …The Precambrian is an informal unit of geologic time, subdivided into three eons (Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic) of the geologic time scale. It spans from the formation of Earth about 4.6 billion years ago ( Ga ) to the beginning of the Cambrian Period, about 538.8 million years ago ( Ma ), when hard-shelled creatures first appeared in abundance.The geologic time scale is a chart containing the names and time ranges of the eons, eras, periods, and other divisions of geologic time. The scale extends from the Archean Eon more than 3.6 billion years ago (bottom right) to the Quaternary Period of the present day (upper left).The geological time scale is currently maintained by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), which is part of the International Union of Geological Sciences. ... The Phanerozoic eon—the past 540 Ma of Earth's history—is divided into three eras: the Paleozoic ("early life"), the Mesozoic ("middle life"), and the ...To make geologic time easier to comprehend, geologists divided the 4.6 bill, Geologic Time Scale; Eon: Era: Period: Dates (Ma) Phanerozoic: Cenozoic: Quaternary: 2.58-0: ..., How the geological time scale is divided EON era period and epoch? To mak, EXERCISE 1: CREATING A GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE Data Sheet Submit the video of you geologic time, These upheavals (at least apparent) are at the basis of the major divisions of the geological time scale. 1. Mass extin, The geological history of the Earth follows the major geolog, View this answer. An eon, which is the longest unit of geologic time, is roughly one billion years long. Th, Geologic time scale showing the geologic eons, eras, period, Geologic Time Scale: Eon, Era, at Panahon. Ang mga pating ay , The Geologic Time Scale is divided into four classes of measured ti, Time scales. The geologic history of Earth covers more than 4.5 , The geological clock: a projection of Earth's 4,5 Ga history, Adaptive radiations are periods of increasing biodiver, Divisions of Geologic Time. shows the major chrono-stratigra, Epoch, unit of geological time during which a rock series is depos, Geologic Time Scale divisions mark major events which highlig, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing te, The geologic time scale is divided into eons, eras, .